生态学(ecology)
研究生物与其环境之间及生物彼此之间的交互关系的一门学科。生理生态学（physiological ecology）的重点在研究生物个体与其环境的物理、化学特徵之间的关系。行为生态学（behavioral ecology）研究生物个体的行为，包括取食技术、对掠食的生存适应、交配以及对环境变化的应答等。种群生态学（population ecology），包括种群遗传学（genetics），研究影响动、植物种群分布和多态现象的因素。群落生态学（community ecology）研究动、植物种群的组织和功能。古生态学（paleoecology）是研究化石种类的生态学，为生态学中重要的一支。生态学家常常集中研究某些特定种类的生物，也专门研究某种具体的环境。在应用生态学（applied ecology）中，基本的生态学原理可用以管理作物或家养动物的种群，从而提高产量，减少虫害。理论生态学家的工作促进某些实用问题的研究，如渔业对鱼类种群的影响，并设计有关总体的生态学相互关系的模式。
English version：
ecology
Study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Physiological ecology focuses on the relationships between individual organisms and the physical and chemical features of their environment. Behavioral ecologists study the behaviors of individual organisms as they react to their environment. Population ecology, including population genetics, is the study of processes that affect the distribution and abundance of animal and plant populations. Community ecology studies how communities of plant and animal populations function and are organized. Paleoecology is the study of the ecology of fossil organisms. Ecologists frequently concentrate on particular taxonomic groups or on specific environments. Applied ecology applies ecological principles to the management of populations of crops and animals. Theoretical ecologists provide simulations of particular practical problems and develop models of general ecological relevance.