投石党运动(1648～1653年)
Fronde, the
路易十四世未成年期间，在法国发生的一系列内战。投石党（得名於巴黎儿童不顾当局的禁令在街上玩耍用的「投石器」）运动是企图抑制王国政府权势增长的行动的一个部分；其失败为路易十四世亲政後的专制独裁铺平了道路。巴黎大理院（1648～1649）企图从宪法上限制摄政太后奥地利的安娜及其首相马萨林的权力。暴动迫使政府对大理院给予让步。内战的第二阶段为「亲王的投石党运动」（1650～1653），贵族的叛乱分子的共同点是反对马萨林。军事领袖大孔代被捕，他的朋友掀起一系列骚乱（史称第一次亲王战争），孔代的支持者和巴黎党人（有时称为老投石党）联合一致，使孔代获释，马萨林被罢黜。安娜加入老投石党人一边，下令对孔代起诉，这一行动使孔代决定发动战争--第二次亲王战争（1651～1653）。孔代被王军击败，离开巴黎。1652年，国王胜利返回巴黎，1653年，马萨林也随後进入。在法国大革命以前，投石党运动是对君主制权威的最後一次严重挑战。
English version：
1648～1653年
Fronde, the
Series of civil wars in France during the minority of Louis XIV. The Fronde (named for the “sling” of a game played in the streets of Paris in defiance of authorities) was in part an attempt to check the growing power of royal government, but its failure paved the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV's reign. The first phase, the Fronde of the Parlement (1648-49), was an attempt to place constitutional limits on the queen regent, Anne of Austria, and her chief minister, Jules Mazarin. Uprisings forced the government to concede to the Parlement's demands. The more serious second phase, the Fronde of the Princes (1650-53), sprang from aristocratic opposition to Mazarin. The military leader the Great Condé was arrested, causing his friends to rebel (in the so-called first war of the princes). His supporters joined the Parisian party (the Old Fronde) in successfully calling for Condé's release and Mazarin's resignation. Condé lost his position when Anne joined with the Old Fronde against him, precipitating the second war of the princes (1651-53). After losses in battle, he fled. The king entered Paris in triumph in 1652, followed by Mazarin in 1653. The Fronde was the last serious challenge to the monarchy until the French Revolution.