米兰(Milan)
义大利语作Milano
义大利北部伦巴底区首府。西元前600年高卢人居住於此。西元前222年被罗马人征服，当时名为梅迪奥拉农（Mediolanum）。西元452年遭阿提拉侵略，539年哥德人侵袭之，774年落入查理曼手中。其势力在11世纪增强，不过在1162年为神圣罗马帝国所摧毁。1167年被当作伦巴底联盟的一部分重建，在1183年取得独立。1450年斯福尔札建立了一个新王朝，1499年以後受法国和斯福尔札家族的轮流统治，直到1535年哈布斯堡王室夺占了它。拿破仑在1796年统领该地，1805年成为他在义大利王国的首都。1860年并入义大利。第二次世界大战期间，米兰遭到严重破坏，不过後来加以重建。现为义大利最重要的经济中心，工业和纺织业发达。以时装业和电子产品闻名，是义大利的金融中心。历史古蹟包括中世纪的多摩大教堂，为欧洲第三大教堂；布雷拉宫（1651）；15世纪修建的一座修道院，内有达文西的名画《最後的晚餐》；以及史卡拉歌剧院。人口约1,302,808（1998）。
English version：
Milan
Capital (metro. area pop., 1996 est.: 1,306,000), Lombardy region, northern Italy. The area was settled by the Gauls c. 600 BC. Known as Mediolanum, it was conquered by the Romans in 222 BC. Attacked in AD 452 by Attila and in 539 by the Goths, it fell to Charlemagne in 774. Its power grew in the 11th century, but it was destroyed by the Holy Roman Empire in 1162. Rebuilt as part of the Lombard League in 1167 it achieved independence in 1183. In 1450 Francesco Sforza founded a new dynasty; after 1499 it was ruled alternately by the French and the Sforza family until 1535, when the Habsburgs obtained it. Napoleon took power in 1796, and in 1805 it became the capital of his kingdom of Italy. It was incorporated into Italy in 1860. Milan was heavily damaged during World War II, but was rebuilt. It is Italy's most important economic center, with industrial development and textile manufacturing. It is noted for its fashion industry and electronic goods production, and is Italy's financial center. Its historic sites include the medieval Duomo, Europe's third-largest cathedral; the Palazzo di Brera (1651); the 15th-century monastery that houses Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper; and La Scala opera house.